Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia

Jeroen Bok; Lenny Hogerwerf; Eveline A Germeraad; Hendrik I J Roest; Tisbeh Faye-Joof; Momodou Jeng; Davis Nwakanma; Arss Secka; Arjan Stegeman; Bart Goossens; Rita Wegmüller; Marianne van der Sande; Wim van der Hoek; Ousman Secka

doi:10.1111/tmi.12827

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia

Jeroen Bok, Lenny Hogerwerf, Eveline A Germeraad, Hendrik I J Roest, Tisbeh Faye-Joof, Momodou Jeng, Davis Nwakanma, Arss Secka, Arjan Stegeman, Bart Goossens, Rita Wegmüller, Marianne van der Sande, Wim van der Hoek, Ousman Secka

Department of Public Health

Research output: Contribution to journal › A1: Web of Science-article › peer-review

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To simultaneously estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) among adults and small ruminants, and C. burnetii shedding prevalence among small ruminants in households in the Kiang West district of The Gambia, and to assess associated risk factors.

METHODS: Sera of 599 adults and 615 small ruminants from 125 compounds within 12 villages were tested for antibodies against C. burnetii using ELISA. Vaginal swabs and milk samples of 155 small ruminants were tested using PCR to investigate shedding of C. burnetii.

RESULTS: A total of 3.8-9.7% of adults, depending on ELISA test cut-off, and 24.9% of small ruminants in Kiang West were seropositive. Having at least one seropositive animal in one's compound was a risk factor for human seropositivity (OR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.09-14.44). A grazing area within a village was a risk factor for seropositivity in small ruminants (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.26-3.50); others were having lambed (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.37-5.76) and older age of the animals (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.37-5.76 for 1-3 years and OR 5.84, 95% CI: 3.10-11.64 for >3 years); 57.4% of sampled small ruminants were shedding C. burnetii.

CONCLUSION: Coxiella burnetii infection is endemic among both humans and small ruminants in this area of The Gambia. Human and animal exposure to C. burnetii were related at compound level. Further research into the clinical relevance of C. burnetii infection in West Africa is needed.

Original language	English
Journal	Tropical Medicine and International Health
Volume	22
Issue number	3
Pages (from-to)	323-331
Number of pages	9
ISSN	1360-2276
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12827
Publication status	Published - 2017

Keywords

Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Animal Husbandry
Animals
Antibodies/blood
Bacterial Shedding
Coxiella burnetii/genetics
Endemic Diseases
Female
Gambia/epidemiology
Goats/microbiology
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Odds Ratio
Prevalence
Q Fever/epidemiology
Risk Factors
Sheep/microbiology
Young Adult
Zoonoses/microbiology

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Bok, J., Hogerwerf, L., Germeraad, E. A., Roest, H. I. J., Faye-Joof, T., Jeng, M., Nwakanma, D., Secka, A., Stegeman, A., Goossens, B., Wegmüller, R., van der Sande, M., van der Hoek, W., & Secka, O. (2017). Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 22(3), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12827

Bok, Jeroen ; Hogerwerf, Lenny ; Germeraad, Eveline A ; Roest, Hendrik I J ; Faye-Joof, Tisbeh ; Jeng, Momodou ; Nwakanma, Davis ; Secka, Arss ; Stegeman, Arjan ; Goossens, Bart ; Wegmüller, Rita ; van der Sande, Marianne ; van der Hoek, Wim ; Secka, Ousman. / Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia. In: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2017 ; Vol. 22, No. 3. pp. 323-331.

@article{7b61d3d2f38c436a8f7a8cadbfc99c4b,

title = "Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia",

abstract = "OBJECTIVES: To simultaneously estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) among adults and small ruminants, and C. burnetii shedding prevalence among small ruminants in households in the Kiang West district of The Gambia, and to assess associated risk factors.METHODS: Sera of 599 adults and 615 small ruminants from 125 compounds within 12 villages were tested for antibodies against C. burnetii using ELISA. Vaginal swabs and milk samples of 155 small ruminants were tested using PCR to investigate shedding of C. burnetii.RESULTS: A total of 3.8-9.7% of adults, depending on ELISA test cut-off, and 24.9% of small ruminants in Kiang West were seropositive. Having at least one seropositive animal in one's compound was a risk factor for human seropositivity (OR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.09-14.44). A grazing area within a village was a risk factor for seropositivity in small ruminants (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.26-3.50); others were having lambed (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.37-5.76) and older age of the animals (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.37-5.76 for 1-3 years and OR 5.84, 95% CI: 3.10-11.64 for >3 years); 57.4% of sampled small ruminants were shedding C. burnetii.CONCLUSION: Coxiella burnetii infection is endemic among both humans and small ruminants in this area of The Gambia. Human and animal exposure to C. burnetii were related at compound level. Further research into the clinical relevance of C. burnetii infection in West Africa is needed.",

keywords = "Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Antibodies/blood, Bacterial Shedding, Coxiella burnetii/genetics, Endemic Diseases, Female, Gambia/epidemiology, Goats/microbiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, Q Fever/epidemiology, Risk Factors, Sheep/microbiology, Young Adult, Zoonoses/microbiology",

author = "Jeroen Bok and Lenny Hogerwerf and Germeraad, {Eveline A} and Roest, {Hendrik I J} and Tisbeh Faye-Joof and Momodou Jeng and Davis Nwakanma and Arss Secka and Arjan Stegeman and Bart Goossens and Rita Wegm{\"u}ller and {van der Sande}, Marianne and {van der Hoek}, Wim and Ousman Secka",

note = "FTX; {\textcopyright} 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",

year = "2017",

doi = "10.1111/tmi.12827",

language = "English",

volume = "22",

pages = "323--331",

journal = "Tropical Medicine and International Health",

issn = "1360-2276",

publisher = "John Wiley & Sons",

number = "3",

}

Bok, J, Hogerwerf, L, Germeraad, EA, Roest, HIJ, Faye-Joof, T, Jeng, M, Nwakanma, D, Secka, A, Stegeman, A, Goossens, B, Wegmüller, R, van der Sande, M, van der Hoek, W & Secka, O 2017, 'Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia', Tropical Medicine and International Health, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12827

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia. / Bok, Jeroen; Hogerwerf, Lenny; Germeraad, Eveline A; Roest, Hendrik I J; Faye-Joof, Tisbeh; Jeng, Momodou; Nwakanma, Davis; Secka, Arss; Stegeman, Arjan; Goossens, Bart; Wegmüller, Rita; van der Sande, Marianne; van der Hoek, Wim; Secka, Ousman.

In: Tropical Medicine and International Health, Vol. 22, No. 3, 2017, p. 323-331.

Research output: Contribution to journal › A1: Web of Science-article › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia

AU - Bok, Jeroen

AU - Hogerwerf, Lenny

AU - Germeraad, Eveline A

AU - Roest, Hendrik I J

AU - Faye-Joof, Tisbeh

AU - Jeng, Momodou

AU - Nwakanma, Davis

AU - Secka, Arss

AU - Stegeman, Arjan

AU - Goossens, Bart

AU - Wegmüller, Rita

AU - van der Sande, Marianne

AU - van der Hoek, Wim

AU - Secka, Ousman

PY - 2017

Y1 - 2017

N2 - OBJECTIVES: To simultaneously estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) among adults and small ruminants, and C. burnetii shedding prevalence among small ruminants in households in the Kiang West district of The Gambia, and to assess associated risk factors.METHODS: Sera of 599 adults and 615 small ruminants from 125 compounds within 12 villages were tested for antibodies against C. burnetii using ELISA. Vaginal swabs and milk samples of 155 small ruminants were tested using PCR to investigate shedding of C. burnetii.RESULTS: A total of 3.8-9.7% of adults, depending on ELISA test cut-off, and 24.9% of small ruminants in Kiang West were seropositive. Having at least one seropositive animal in one's compound was a risk factor for human seropositivity (OR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.09-14.44). A grazing area within a village was a risk factor for seropositivity in small ruminants (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.26-3.50); others were having lambed (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.37-5.76) and older age of the animals (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.37-5.76 for 1-3 years and OR 5.84, 95% CI: 3.10-11.64 for >3 years); 57.4% of sampled small ruminants were shedding C. burnetii.CONCLUSION: Coxiella burnetii infection is endemic among both humans and small ruminants in this area of The Gambia. Human and animal exposure to C. burnetii were related at compound level. Further research into the clinical relevance of C. burnetii infection in West Africa is needed.

AB - OBJECTIVES: To simultaneously estimate the prevalence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) among adults and small ruminants, and C. burnetii shedding prevalence among small ruminants in households in the Kiang West district of The Gambia, and to assess associated risk factors.METHODS: Sera of 599 adults and 615 small ruminants from 125 compounds within 12 villages were tested for antibodies against C. burnetii using ELISA. Vaginal swabs and milk samples of 155 small ruminants were tested using PCR to investigate shedding of C. burnetii.RESULTS: A total of 3.8-9.7% of adults, depending on ELISA test cut-off, and 24.9% of small ruminants in Kiang West were seropositive. Having at least one seropositive animal in one's compound was a risk factor for human seropositivity (OR: 3.35, 95% CI: 1.09-14.44). A grazing area within a village was a risk factor for seropositivity in small ruminants (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.26-3.50); others were having lambed (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.37-5.76) and older age of the animals (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 1.37-5.76 for 1-3 years and OR 5.84, 95% CI: 3.10-11.64 for >3 years); 57.4% of sampled small ruminants were shedding C. burnetii.CONCLUSION: Coxiella burnetii infection is endemic among both humans and small ruminants in this area of The Gambia. Human and animal exposure to C. burnetii were related at compound level. Further research into the clinical relevance of C. burnetii infection in West Africa is needed.

KW - Adolescent

KW - Adult

KW - Aged

KW - Aged, 80 and over

KW - Animal Husbandry

KW - Animals

KW - Antibodies/blood

KW - Bacterial Shedding

KW - Coxiella burnetii/genetics

KW - Endemic Diseases

KW - Female

KW - Gambia/epidemiology

KW - Goats/microbiology

KW - Humans

KW - Male

KW - Middle Aged

KW - Odds Ratio

KW - Prevalence

KW - Q Fever/epidemiology

KW - Risk Factors

KW - Sheep/microbiology

KW - Young Adult

KW - Zoonoses/microbiology

U2 - 10.1111/tmi.12827

DO - 10.1111/tmi.12827

M3 - A1: Web of Science-article

C2 - 27987380

VL - 22

SP - 323

EP - 331

JO - Tropical Medicine and International Health

JF - Tropical Medicine and International Health

SN - 1360-2276

IS - 3

ER -

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) prevalence in associated populations of humans and small ruminants in The Gambia

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Keywords

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