Effectiveness of historical smallpox vaccination against mpox clade II in men in Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Spain, 2022

S Colombe, S Funke, Anders Koch, M Haverkate, S Monge, AS Barret, A Vaughan, Susan Hahne, C van Ewijk, HD Emborg, S von Schreeb, Asuncion Diaz, C Olmedo, L Zanetti, D Levy-Bruhl, LA de Sousa, J Hagan, N Nicolay, R Pebody

Research output: Contribution to journalA1: Web of Science-articlepeer-review

Abstract

Background
In 2022, a global monkeypox virus (MPXV) clade II epidemic occurred mainly among men who have sex with men. Until early 1980s, European smallpox vaccination programmes were part of worldwide smallpox eradication efforts. Having received smallpox vaccine > 20 years ago may provide some cross-protection against MPXV.

Aim
To assess the effectiveness of historical smallpox vaccination against laboratory-confirmed mpox in 2022 in Europe.

Methods
European countries with sufficient data on case vaccination status and historical smallpox vaccination coverage were included. We selected mpox cases born in these countries during the height of the national smallpox vaccination campaigns (latest 1971), male, with date of onset before 1 August 2022. We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) and corresponding 95% CI for each country using logistic regression as per the Farrington screening method. We calculated a pooled estimate using a random effects model.

Results
In Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Spain, historical smallpox vaccination coverage was high (80–90%) until the end of the 1960s. VE estimates varied widely (40–80%, I2 = 82%), possibly reflecting different booster strategies. The pooled VE estimate was 70% (95% CI: 23–89%).

Conclusion
Our findings suggest residual cross-protection by historical smallpox vaccination against mpox caused by MPXV clade II in men with high uncertainty and heterogeneity. Individuals at high-risk of exposure should be offered mpox vaccination, following national recommendations, regardless of prior smallpox vaccine history, until further evidence becomes available. There is an urgent need to conduct similar studies in sub-Saharan countries currently affected by the MPXV clade I outbreak.
Original languageEnglish
Article number2400139
JournalEurosurveillance
Volume29
Issue number34
Number of pages9
ISSN1560-7917
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2024

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